普通高中美术课程标准实验教科书

　 《普通高中美术课程标准实验教科书（美术鉴赏）（选修）》编写说明

　李松

　作为普通高中阶段美术科目的学习模块之一，《美术鉴赏》课程在帮助学生学会欣赏、鉴别与评价中外美术作品的过程中，逐步提高学生艺术鉴赏力、养成健康的审美情趣、形成热爱中华民族文化和尊重世界多元文化的情感和立场。

　二、编写指导思想

　1．通过教学，帮助学生了解美术的范围、性质、各门类的特点及中外美术发展的大体脉络。

　2．帮助学生掌握美术鉴赏的基本方法，通过对具体作品的典型分析，以点带面，触类旁通，尽量做到每课教学都能使学生了解相关的美术观点、美术规律。重要在于理解和贯通，养成独立分析能力，而不在于记住个别结论。

　3．启发学生利用当地文化资源、美术现象，结合从课堂上学到的知识，进行调查研究，收集资料（包括作著录、绘示意图、作统计、调查报告等），作出自己的分析判断，加强理论与实践的联系。

　三、中国美术鉴赏框架结构和教学要点

　中国美术鉴赏共18课，包括美术门类中的工艺美术、建筑、雕塑、绘画与民间美术。由于课时所限，还有些重要门类未包括，如书法、篆刻、摄影等。课程内容尽量兼顾美术发展的纵向演变与横向参照。选择各个门类、古今比较有代表性的作者与作品，使学生在学习过程中能够举一反三地了解和认识该门类的特点。在教学过程中，最好能参照《绘画》《雕塑》《工艺》《设计》《书法》《篆刻》《摄影·摄像》《电脑绘画·电脑设计》等教材的内容与图像，以丰富相关知识。

　第一课《学些美术鉴赏知识》（1课时）

　本课主要是让学生概略地了解美术是什么？包括哪些主要的门类？懂得进行美术鉴赏应具备哪些知识，从而培养学生对美术的兴趣、爱好，受到审美教育。教学中可从进行美术作品的著录做起。著录过程是认真观察、理解、研究作品与作者的过程，同时也是认识、熟悉该美术门类艺术特点的过程。本教科书每课都有一些对具体作品的介绍和品评，可作为学生学习鉴赏不同门类美术作品的参照。

　第二、三、四课属于工艺美术，课程所涉及的玉器、彩陶、瓷器、青铜器在中国古代都达到很高的艺术成就，是中华先民对人类文化作出的重要贡献。

　第二课《玉石之分──古代玉石艺术》（1课时）

　1．从石器制造的发展看人类审美意识的发生与发展，包括对物质材料形体、质感、色彩，以及对称、秩序感等造型规律的认识与掌握；将玉材从石头中区分开来，是人类审美认识上一个重要的发展。

　2．古代对玉的材料之美的欣赏与加工，不同时代体现着不同的审美观念，在原始社会后期和夏商周时代，玉器被赋予特殊的社会意义，成为贵族社会地位与财富的象征。而汉代以后，特别被人们所看重的是它的珍宝性。

　3．对玉的审美在中国文化中有极为深远的影响。在教学中，可启发学生根据与玉有关的故事、词汇体会包含玉器在内的各类工艺美术作品的特点和艺术价值。相关链接：现代玉石、牙骨雕刻。

　第三课《泥土的生命──古代陶器与瓷器》（1课时）

　1．原始社会彩陶与素陶两方面的艺术成就。彩陶的主要代表是仰韶文化的半坡类型与庙底沟类型；马家窑文化彩陶作品。素陶的主要代表是山东大汶口文化、龙山文化的黑陶器与白陶器。原始社会陶器制作已充分掌握了工艺美术造型与装饰的规律。

　2．中国古代瓷器制造对世界文化有重要影响。古代瓷器艺术的成就突出体现在青瓷、青花瓷和彩瓷的作品上。

　3．学习《普通高中美术课程标准实验教科书（工艺）（选修）》第十课，陶瓷造型工艺制作，可以使学生从陶瓷原材料、工具、工艺技法，理解陶瓷艺术作品设计、制作的特点，从中体会工艺美术的一般规律。相关链接：中国现代陶瓷作品。

　第四课《楚王问鼎──商周青铜器艺术》（1课时）

　1．夏商周时期是中国古代青铜器艺术发展的高峰时期。商后期至西周时期、春秋战国时期都达到很高的成就，而又形成不同的时代特点。

　2．青铜器艺术的成就具体体现于造型、纹饰和铭文等方面，青铜器中的礼器是奴隶主贵族政权、军权、神权和财富的象征。青铜器中的铭文（金文）内容具有重要的历史、文化价值，并具有很高的书法价值。

　3．教学中，应引导学生记住一些重要的青铜器种类和代表性作品，对其造型和装饰作出初步的分析。

　第五、六课属于古代建筑。课程涉及宫殿建筑与园林建筑两方面内容。具体介绍的北京故宫、天坛、苏州园林均被联合国教科文组织评为世界文化遗产。

　第五课《皇权的象征──故宫建筑群与天坛》（1课时）

　1．北京明清故宫紫禁城为中国古代最高规格的宫殿建筑群，是明清皇室绝对王权的体现。以三大殿为主体的紫禁城也是北京城市的中心。

　2．北京天坛是坛庙建筑的代表，其主要建筑为圜丘──皇穹宇──祈年殿，祈年殿运用多种象征手法体现祭天的功能，造型瑰丽而崇高。应结合教学内容，启发学生加强保护世界文化遗产的意识。相关链接：①中国古代建筑的特色、建筑类型；②故宫与北京城市布局的关系。③中国现代建筑。

　第六课《宛自天开──古代园林》（1课时）

　1．中国古代园林包括皇家园林、私家园林和寺观园林三类。皇家园林的代表作品有北京的北海和颐和园。私家园林的主要代表是苏州园林。

　2．中国古代有丰富的造园经验，其代表性的理论著作为明代计成《园冶》。中国园林重视人与自然的和谐。园林设计多以山水画的意境创造为旨趣，追求“虽由人作宛自天开”的表现效果，而在现代园林管理中往往由于对古代园林设计思想缺乏理解而损害了园林景观。需要结合当地园林环境建设，启发学生体会中国园林的特点。相关链接：①现当代建筑；②民居。

　第七、八、九课属于雕塑艺术，中国古代雕塑主要有宗教雕塑，陵墓雕塑、建筑雕塑、肖像雕塑，以及各种民俗性雕塑等。在近世，传统雕塑艺术的传承发生中断，现当代雕塑是在接受西方雕塑的影响之下发展起来的。

　第七课《视死如视生──古代陵墓雕塑》（1课时）

　1．陵墓雕塑包括：地上纪念性雕塑；墓室内随葬的俑和明器。地上纪念性雕塑多为石雕，雕刻手法比较概括，突出其在广场上的观瞻效果。

　2．俑类作品有陶、木、石、铜等各种材质，除秦始皇陵兵马俑外，一般形体较小，对现实生活有多方面的反映，形象比较生动。教学中可启发学生比较这两类雕塑作品表现手法上的异同，加深对雕塑语言的理解。

　第八课《妙相庄严──宗教雕塑》（1课时）

　1．宗教雕塑包括佛教、道教等不同内容，而起主导作用的是佛教雕塑。

　2．宗教雕塑的遗存主要有：石窟寺雕塑。中国甘肃敦煌莫高窟、山西大同云冈石窟、河南洛阳龙门石窟、重庆大足石刻均已被联合国教科文组织评为世界文化遗产。其中最为杰出的是龙门石窟奉先寺石刻群。石窟寺将建筑、雕塑、壁画综合为一体，修建年代多延续很久，清楚地反映了艺术发展阶段性变化。20世纪前期，一些著名的石窟寺雕塑曾遭受帝国主义分子的劫掠、破坏。

　3．寺观雕塑有泥塑、木雕、夹芝等多种材质，以泥塑居多，泥塑的装銮对作品的表现效果有重要作用。

　4．中国宗教雕塑的作者以现实生活中的各种类型人物为参照，加以理想化，创造了很多富有生命力的宗教雕塑作品。在教学中需要启发学生将宗教美术中的迷信成分与成功的艺术创造区分开来。

　第九课《与时俱进──现代雕塑》（1课时）

　1．包括大型纪念性雕塑在内的城市环境雕塑，由于设置于广场环境，要求雕塑语言概括，形式感强、能够适应从多角度去观赏。大型雕塑与环境的配合，和谐十分重要。

　2．架上雕塑：在教学中可启发学生通过对具体作品的欣赏，体会它们与大型雕塑在取材、表现和艺术语言上有什么不同，再就是体会不同材料的作品有哪些不同的特点。

　第十至十五课属于中国画。课程内容包括两个部分：第十、十一课为古代墓室壁画与宗教壁画，这两课与第七、八课陵墓雕塑与宗教雕塑有密切关联。相关链接为中国现代壁画。

　第十二至十五课为传统中国画的人物画（包括肖像画）、山水、花鸟三个主要画种。涉及古代作品和现代作品。教学中要尽量结合这几课内容，使学生对中国画有一个较为全面的了解。

　第十课《幽冥世界的奢华──古代墓室壁画》（1课时）

　1．汉唐时代将绘画视为“成教化、助人伦”的宣教工具。汉唐两代朝廷曾组织过以表彰功臣垂范后世为主旨的宫殿壁画创作，在历史上有过重要影响，可惜未能保存下来。能够反映当时社会生活内容和绘画面貌的是东汉以来的墓室壁画和画像石及画像砖。画像石与画像砖是介于绘画与雕塑之间的一种美术样式，而主要是画。与之相类似的还有石刻线画或砖画（如南朝竹林七贤与荣启期图）。

　2．贵族墓中的壁画内容涉及当时一些重要的政治活动和生活内容，具有重要的文化历史价值，而其表现技巧也比较充分地显示了当时的画风特点。是研究古代绘画艺术的重要实物。

　第十一课《天上人间──宗教壁画》（1课时）

　1．宗教壁画的重要代表是敦煌莫高窟所保存的十六国至元代的佛教壁画。与雕塑作品相配合，遍绘于洞窟四壁、过道和窟顶。佛教壁画的主要题材有佛本生故事、佛传故事；经变故事、供养人、藻井图等等。以唐代的佛画作品最为灿烂辉煌。

　2．寺观壁画的突出代表是山西永乐宫元代道教壁画。作者继承了唐宋以来壁画创作的经验，成功地创作了三清殿内气象宏伟的朝元图和连环图画形式的道教神仙吕洞宾与王重阳的画传。

　第十二课《传神写照──人物画》（1课时）

　1．人物画中的肖像画在中国古代称为“传神”，强调要表现出对象的内在性情，是古代画论中精彩的部分。本课所选的图像，有的是直接写生的，如明清人物肖像；有的是具有肖像特点的历史画，如《步辇图》；有的虽然也是直接写生，但将对象加以理想化，如禹三鼎作的王士祯像。至于《韩熙载夜宴图》则是画家默记默画的作品。

　2．现代人物画吸收了西画造型因素，加强了表现力，在表现现实生活，反映当代人物的精神面貌方面达到很高成就。

　第十三课《咫尺千里──古代山水画》（1课时）

　1．山水画兴起很早，山水画创作理论也就成熟得很早，《林泉高致》为代表性的理论著作。中国山水画的发展表现出了明显的阶段性。五代两宋是山水画发展高度成熟时期。元代以后浅绛山水、水墨山水兴起，文人画家成为画坛主流。

　2．宋代张择端《清明上河图》是古代绘画的巨构。画中以汴河为主线，表现了清明时节，北宋首都汴梁（今开封）的城乡生活，歌颂了工商业的繁荣。是一幅纪实性、民俗性题材的作品。在中国人的观念中，“江山”就是祖国，画家在山水画创作中寄寓着对祖国河山的深深眷恋之情。当北宋被金人所灭亡之后，记录了首都繁华景象的《清明上河图》成为宋代遗民寄托故国之思的珍贵纪念物，并被一再复制。

　第十四课《江山多娇──现代山水画》（1课时）

　1．二十世纪五十年代中期以后，新的山水画创作有较大的突破。画家继承古人“读万卷书，行万里路”的传统，到生活中去，开辟新的绘画意境。突破已往的创作模式，形成新的山水画画风。

　2．中国画由传统形式向现代形态转变，除了内容、表现手法之外，在形式上也需要适应时代的变化和设置环境作出相应的变革，人民大会堂《江山如此多娇》一画在这方面是一次成功的尝试。

　第十五课《移情草木──花鸟画》（1课时）

　1．花鸟画家为百花写照，为百虫传神，不是画动植物的写生标本，而是缘物寄情，借花鸟寄托作者对大自然的热爱，抒发心灵感受，表达情操。

　2．花鸟画创作有工笔、写意、白描、没骨等技法，教学中可通过对具体作品的分析引导学生理解花鸟画的精神内涵和传统中国画绘画技巧的丰富性。

　第十六课《时代丰采──中国油画》（1课时）

　1．油画作为外来画种，很快在中国得到认同并发展为与中国画齐肩的重要画种，在现实生活中发挥了积极的作用，在二十世纪中我国出现许多具有代表性画家与作品。

　2．在教学中要让学生了解这不单是一个外来画种的引入问题，而是两种文化背景，两种艺术观念、两种造型观和表现语言的相互碰撞、交融，相互吸收借鉴。欧洲传统油画的造型基础训练、西方近代艺术思潮对中国当代美术和未来的发展都有重要影响。要启发学生对世界文化有兼容并包、取长舍短的胸怀。

　第十七课《与民族共命运──木刻与漫画》（1课时）

　1．本课以介绍版画、漫画的特点为主要内容，阐述了木刻是版画的重要门类，且版画还包括石版画，铜版画、丝网版画等；漫画也不仅只是幽默画，而且画法是多种多样的。

　2．木刻与漫画在抗日战争和民主革命运动中曾发挥过有力的宣传、鼓动作用，是现代美术史中光辉的一页。当时条件艰苦，许多不同画种的画家也都参与了木刻、漫画、宣传画的创作活动。在教学中可通过这些内容启发学生体会文艺家对国家民族命运前途应有的使命感。相关链接：抗战戏剧。

　第十八课《美在民间──中国民间美术》（1课时）

　1．民间美术品类丰富，渊远流长，具有独立的文化价值和艺术价值。其中如民间剪纸，已继昆曲、古琴之后，列入2005年申报“人类口头和非物质遗产（无形遗产）代表作品名录。但随着社会生活的发展，有不少民间美术已濒于消亡，收集、研究、保存民间美术作品是一个刻不容缓的任务。

　2．在教学中，可组织学生调查当地民族民间美术活动情况，民间美术的产生与发展与当地历史、文化环境，民俗生活的内在关系。理解作品中包含的朴素健康的审美情趣和艺术创造精神，懂得珍惜、保护民间美术文化遗产。相关链接：民间戏剧、民间文学。

　四、外国美术鉴赏框架结构和教学要点

　第一课《大河之源一史前美术和古埃及美术》

　本课内容分为史前美术、古埃及美术和相关链接三部分。史前美术部分，着重介绍现已发现的人类、最早的洞穴岩画和人物小雕像，同时涉及有关艺术起源的几种主要理论，．以引发学生对艺术起源问题的进一步思考。古埃及美术部分，着重介绍古埃及在建筑、雕塑、绘画、工艺美术等方面的突出成就，以加深对古代埃及文明以至整个世界文明的理解。相关链接部分，是外国美术鉴赏部分特别设计的一个内容。它是作为每一课课程内容的补充与适当延伸，以扩大学生对世界古代文明有比较全面的了解。可以作为学生自学或课外独立自主学习的内容。

　第二课《古典艺术的发源地──希腊、罗马美术》

　本课内容分成古希腊美术、古罗马美术和相关链接三部分。古希腊美术部分，着重鉴赏古希腊美术中最突出、且最具影响力的人像雕刻和建筑艺术中的经典作品，包括作为西方古典建筑重要基础的、古希腊人创造的三种模式。古罗马美术部分，着重鉴赏对后世影响最大的古罗马的多种建筑类型，同时鉴赏古罗马雕塑艺术最富有特色的肖像雕塑的代表作品。相关链接部分，选择了欧洲文艺复兴时期及其以后的受古希腊、古罗马美术影响最明显的人体雕塑和古典建筑的经典作品，以加深学生对古希腊、古罗马美术对后世所产生的深远影响的认识，初步了解西方古典美术的艺术传统。

　第三课，《心灵的慰藉和寄托──宗教建筑》

　本课内容，按照世界三大宗教──佛教、基督教、伊斯兰教产生的先后，分成三部分，分别鉴赏佛教、基督教、伊斯兰教最有代表性的建筑，达到初步了解并感受宗教建筑的历史文化价值，正确对待宗教艺术，同时也是进一步学习欣赏建筑艺术的方法，尤其是了解建筑艺术是如何体现一定的思想观念的。本课内容也有“相关链接”，以扩大学生的视野。

　第四课《“巨人”辈出──欧洲文艺复兴美术》

　本课采用突出重点人物、重点分析经典作品的方法，着重介绍欧洲文艺复兴时期美术最具有代表性的五个美术家、特别是被称为“巨人”的意大利文艺复兴时期美术的“三杰”──达·芬奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔，每人单列一节，重点分析他们的经典作品，从中体会经典美术作品的艺术魅力，学习鉴赏西方古典美术中的经典作品的方法。本课的“相关链接”部分，着重介绍欧洲文艺复兴时期其他一些重要美术家和经典作品，以拓宽学生视野，加深对欧洲文艺复兴这一伟大历史时期的认识和理解，体会美术的文化价值。

　第五课《传统与革新──从巴洛克艺术到浪漫主义》

　本课内容较多，分成巴洛克艺术、17世纪荷兰绘画、法国古典主义美术、新古典主义美术和浪漫主义美术等五个部分，涉及绘画、雕塑、建筑和园林艺术等领域。它们都是欧洲文艺复兴以后、即17世纪至19世纪上半期、欧洲美术中具有世界影响的主要艺术流派和主要艺术成就。对于了解这一时期欧洲美术的演变和发展、特别是了解和初步掌握这些外国美术史上具有重要影响的艺术流派和艺术风格的主要特点，具有重要的意义。对于进一步学习美术鉴赏的方法，也具有重要的作用。

　第六课《追求生活的真实──欧洲现实主义美术》

　本课着重欣赏对我国美术曾经产生重要影响的欧洲现实主义美术的一些经典作品。分成“现实主义的旗手──库尔贝”、“表现农村和农民生活的画家们”、“以罗丹为代表的现实主义雕塑”三部分，另有“相关链接”，介绍同时期的其他重要的现实主义美术代表人物和代表作。通过这些内容的学习，使学生了解并感受19世纪欧洲现实主义美术的主要特点及其主要代表人物和代表作品，初步掌握欣赏现实主义美术作品的方法。

　第七课《从传统走向现代──印象派与后印象派》

　本课的内容，表面上看比较单纯，只介绍两个流派，但是，这两个流派在西方美术发展史上极为重要。不仅是它们对后世的美术产生了重要的影响，更重要的是，正如本课标题所展示的，它们是使西方美术从传统走向现代的具有关键性的流派。为了更好地帮助学生理解这一点，同时也针对国内有些美术史论书籍中对印象派和后印象派的不确切解释，特地将本课分为“印象派名称的由来”、“印象派绘画追求什么”、“反印象派的后印象派”三部分。另外，本课也设有“相关链接”，使学生有可能了解其他一些印象派与后印象派画家及其代表作品。通过本课学习，不仅使学生了解并感受印象派和后印象派绘画的主要特点，而且初步了解西方传统绘画与现代绘画的主要区别。

　第八课《新的探索──现代绘画、雕塑和工业设计》

　本课的内容分成：现代绘画、现代雕塑和工业设计三部分，是外国现代美术最有代表性的三个领域。与外国传统美术相比，它们发生了许多新的变化，呈现出纷繁复杂的艺术现象，如何正确地认识这些现象，并能对这些现象作出实事求是的、科学的分析，既不肯定一切，也不否定一切，从而树立正确的情感、态度、价值观，是本课学习所要达到的主要教学目标。为了使学生对西方现代前卫艺术及其艺术思潮，有一定的分辨能力，本课所选作品中，也包括一些并不是完全值得肯定、甚至需要加以批判的作品。

　第九课《科技和艺术的新结合──现代建筑》

　本课内容是外国现代建筑艺术欣赏。根据现代建筑的主要特点，本课内容分成：“形式服从功能”、“重视建筑的空间以及与环境的有机结合”、“建筑形象和建筑风格的多样化”三部分。每个部分都选择一些典型实例加以分析与评价，以便使学生能够了解并认识外国现代建筑的主要特点和发展趋向，并能初步掌握欣赏现代建筑的基本方法，能对现代建筑作出自己的分析和评价。本课的“相关链接”，作为课程内容的扩充，供学生自主学习，使学生对外国现代建筑有更进一步的了解与认识。

　

　Writing material: three hundred philosophical storiesThe three hundred chapter of philosophical story1, a turkey and a cow idle gossip, Turkey said: I want to fly to the top of the tree, but I have no courage to say. Cattle: why I do not eat the cow dung, they are very nutritious. Turkey eat a cow dung, and found it did give it enough power fly to the root branch, the second day, the turkey ate more dung, fly to the second tree branches, two weeks later, the proud Turkey proudly flew to the top of the tree, but soon, a farmer saw it, quickly to shoot it down from the tree.The survival of 1: luck can let you reach the top of the peak, but can not let you stay there.2, the crow stands on the tree, the whole day doing nothing, rabbit saw a crow, ask: can I like you, the whole day what all need not stem? About the crow: of course, what is not so, the rabbit is under the tree on the ground began to rest, suddenly, a fox appeared in fox, it jumped to catch the rabbit, swallowed it.Survival of the road 2: if you want to stand and do nothing, then you must stand tall, very high.3, a bird bird fly to the south for the winter. The weather is very cold, and almost frozen bird. So, fly to a large space, after a cow there, in a pile of cow dung in the small bird, frozen bird lying on the dunghill, feel very warm, gradually gradually wake up, it is warm and comfortable lying, and soon began to sing songs, only a passing wildcat hear voices in the past and see, follow the voice of the wild cat soon found lying on the dunghill bird, pull it out to eat.Survival 3: not everyone often lead the dung upon your people are your enemies. Each of you is not pulled out of the dung midden people are your friends, and, when you lying on the dunghill lane, it is best to keep your mouth shut.4, there is a bottle bottom, this bottle is a troll storm. It is a five hundred years ago to check into the bottle fairy troll. The devil once made a wish, who can put this bottle picked up, opened the cork, and rescued him out, he would give this man a gold Jinshan. However, over the past five hundred years, no one has put up the bottle. Troll very annoyed. He said: "after the curse, if who rescued me, I will swallow up one of this individual." a young fisherman, he cast his net fishing, when he received the time, found an old bottle, the net, he hit the cork Open! A thick thick smoke blown out, slowly spit out a bigger than the mountain troll. "Ha ha!" Troll laughter, the earthquake shook up the turbulent sea. He said: "young man, you saved me, I should thank you, but do you get too late, if you put me in my early years saved, you can get a golden hill! Oh, I waited for five hundred years, I was too impatient, I have many of the evil is willing to help me out, take one bite!" the young man to eat a surprised, but immediately calm and said: "Yo, such a small bottle, how could you hold it, you must lie, You go back to the bottle and show me!""Ha ha ha ha, I will not be fooled! Arabian Nights had this old story before, if I go into the bottle, then you plug the plug, and the story does not finished?" "what do you see? Arabian Nights you are a learned enough" ah! You have seen the philosophy of Socrates philosophy? "" ha! The five five hundred years I hid in the bottle, poor reading day classics, to practice, not to mention Western masterpiece, the Oriental University, the doctrine of the mean, the Analects of Confucius, Mencius I have read well done. "Ah, in Chinese Taishigong records rather you research Mo-tse? The book has covered "meme" don't say,? No one after the history subset closed! "" but I think you must have seen the hand written copy of a dream of Red Mansions, which is a rare version of it! "" ha ha ha, you this guy too I underestimated this. The book collectors is me! Let me take you out to take a look! "Troll magic immediately into a smoke slowly into the bottle. This time Xu, the green years no longer hesitate fisherman, took a bottle of bottle stopper blocked.5, once before, there are two hungry people has been a gift of the elderly: a fishing rod and a basket of live fish. Among them, one to a basket fish, another person a fishing rod, so they get the fish people. Part company each going his own way the original place dry wood put up the bonfire to boil the fish, he devoured, did not taste a fish meat flavor, instant, and fish soup with which he ate, and soon, he starved to death in the empty fish creel. Another one is carrying the fishing rod to starve. Step by step difficult difficult to go to the sea, but when he has not seen the blue sea Yang, he was the last bit of strength and make out, he can only afford to Pakistan zone endless regret left the world.There are two hungry people, they also received the elderly gift of a fishing rod and a basket fish. But he they did not, but the producers agreed together to find the sea, they each only cook a fish, they passed away the distant journey, came to the sea, from since then, two people start a fishing day, a few years later, they built a house, have their own family, son of children, have built their own fishing boat, and live a happy and healthy life.Only the immediate interests of a person, it will eventually get the joy was short-lived; one lofty goal, but also to face the reality of life. Only when the ideal and reality combine, it may become a successful person. Sometimes, a simple truth, but a full life give meaningful enlightenment.6 Confucius, a student in the porridge, found things falling into the dirty pot. He went quickly with a soup spoon it up, just want to put it away, suddenly thought of a porridge meal are not easily won. He took it eat it. / you Confucius into the kitchen room, that he was to see, they taught the students for cooking. Through the explanation, we only see light suddenly. The hole Confucius regrets say: "I have to see things not really, not to mention is listen to road?"Enlightenment: push the sale is a kind of organizational nature of business students, because many people, the personnel problem is also too much. We often hear is non resolution to distinguish words, such as a company against another company, such as is often confusing, is not, affect confidence. Therefore to find out the truth. Not easily believe the rumors, hard to establish the cause of industry will not be destroyed on one day.7, there is a scholar third performers, live in a regular store to live. Test two days before he had three dreams, the first dream is a dream on the wall white cabbage, second dream is a rainy day, he was also wearing a bamboo hat umbrella, third dream. Is the dream with the beloved cousin stripped the clothes lying together, but the back to back.This dream seems to have three deep meaning, born on the second day of the dream telling. To find a fortune telling, lianpai thigh, said: "you still go home now. You see, the high walls of vegetables is not in vain? Wearing hats umbrella umbrella did not make an unnecessary move? Dudu naked lying with my cousin in a bed, but back to back, did not?"One scholar, downhearted, back to the shop to pack up and prepare to go home plate. The shop owner is very strange, ask: "tomorrow is not genius exam today, how do you go back home?" the scholar said such a music shop owner: "Yo, I would dream of, I think. And, this time you must stay. You want to think about it, the wall is not high not that you wear hats umbrella once prepared against want with your cousin? Naked in bed on the back, not to say that when you have to stand up to you?"A scholar, more reasonable, thus encouraging the spirit to take the exam, even in a third overall.The positive pole of people, like the sun, according to where where bright, negative people, like the moon, the first fifteen are not the same. The idea of a decision to set our lives, what kind of thinking about the law, there is what kind of future.8, one day the zoo keepers found kangaroos run away from the cage, and then met to discuss, that is the height of the cage is too low. So they decided to cage height from the ten meters to twenty meters higher. The results of the second day they also found the kangaroo or come out, so they decided then to the height of thirty meters.I did not expect the next day and actually see kangaroos run to an outside, so the tube administrators are nervous, decided not to do two endlessly, the height of the cage to one hundred meters high gaga.One day a giraffe and a few kangaroos in the chat, "you see, these people will no longer continue raising your cage?" asked the deer neck long necked."It's hard to say," said the bag kangaroo. "If they continue to forget to close the door!"In fact, a lot of people are like this, only know that there is a problem, but can not grasp the core and foundation of the problem.9, in a small village and, under a very large storm flood, floods submerged the whole village began, a priest in the church to pray the father, seeing the flood has was up to his knees knees. A lifeguard driving a sampan came to the church hall, with the priest said: "father, please hurry up! Or will you Flood flood drowned!" the priest said: "no! I am confident that God will save me, you better start to save others"Not long after, the floods have father's chest chest, the priest stood on the altar to sacrifice. At this time, and a police police speedboat drove over with the priest said: "father, hurry up, otherwise you really will be drowned!" the priest said: "no and I would like to keep my church, I believe that God will save me. You'd better start to save others"After a while, the floods have submerged the whole church, the priest only had to seize cross cross the top of the church. A helicopter flying over slowly, after the pilot dropped a rope ladder shouting: "father, come on, this is the last chance, we don't want to see you by the flood of cocoa drowned!!!" the priest or strong willed said: "no, I want to keep my church hall! God will save me. You'd better start to save others. God will be with me were the emperor!!"The flood water poured in, the priest finally drowned. The priest went to heaven hall, saw God angry in the matter to ask: "Lord, I give their life, the fear serve you, why what you refuse to help me!" God said: "I do not want to the first time you save? I sent a sampan to rescue you, you do not, I think you are worried about the risk sampan second times; I sent a yacht to you, or not; second, I, Ambassador of etiquette when you send a helicopter to rescue you. If you are unwilling to accept the results. So, I thought you wanted to hurry back to my side. Come, can be good with me ""In fact, too many obstacles in life is all right, because of excessive stubbornness and ignorance ignorance. In helping others out of the occasion, don't forget, when we are also willing to reach out to, and help other people get on the busy!!!!10, five year old Hank and father mother brother work together to the forest, suddenly began to rain, but they only took a poncho. Dad will rain poncho to mom, mom gave my brother, brother to Hank. Hank asked and asked: "why my father to the mother. And my mother gave my brother, brother gave me?" the father replied: "because the father than the mother, mother and brother brother than strong, powerful than you. We will compare the protection of small weak people. Hank looked around, and ran to put up the rain open in a wind fluttering delicate little flower.The real strong does not necessarily is effective, or more money, but he was there to help others. Liability allows us to complete the matter, love allows us to do a good job.11, one night, already very late, an older couple walked into a hotel, they want a room. The waiter replied: "sorry, our hotel is full, no one room is left." look at the old couple looked tired, the waiter said. "But let me think of a way"Described here, you want to continue to have a mathematical following, or are willing to get a literary outcome, but no matter how, mathematics and literature will break up here..This is the story of the development of Mathematics: the good start is the waiter hand for the elderly to solve the room: he wakes up the hotel has been sleeping under the housing tenants, ask them to change the place: room 11 for guests to room 2, room 2, room 3 to room for guests and so on., until each tenant from their room to the next room. Then the miracle: Room 1 was empty. The waiter will pleased the old couple and arranged in. Without increasing the room, did not reduce the guests, two elderly people at all the room is full of guests, but Only by allowing often a guest to the next room, the first room emptied, why is this? /, originally, two elderly people into the mathematics famous Hilbert Hotel, it is thought that there are numerous room tour the museum. The story is David Hilbert the great scientist tells him, mathematics, mathematics has drawn out the "infinite" concept. The concept of the subject is important, but it can be said that without it we can hardly imagine how math will exist. As long as people know to count the whole, every integer has a successor until no Mathematics is a science of infinite poverty.Well, we return to the waiter said "let me think of a way". The story is that the literature and so on. This literature waiter should more rich and love, of course when he could not bear to let the old man out of the night to find another hotel. But in such a small city. I'm afraid the other hotel has full closed, the tired tired old man would not flow on the streets in the middle of the night? So good it will lead to the old waiter to a room, said: "maybe it is not the best, but now, I can do now is actually a whole this kind of neat and clean room." see the elderly, be happy To live down.The second day, when they came to the front desk at the checkout, the waiter told them: "no, because I just put their house by loan you stayed one night, I wish you a pleasant journey!". Their waiter did not sleep So that is what it is.: one night, he is worth a night in the night before. The 22 old people are very moved. The old man said: "my child, you are the best I have seen the hotel operator. You will be rewarded." the waiter smiled and said, this is not what. He sent the old man out of the door, and then from the busy has the matter, has forgotten this matter. All two net unexpectedly one day, Shi Those who received a letter, open look, there is a one-way ticket to New York machine and has a brief postscript, hired him to do another job. He came to New York by plane, according to the letter of the road marked route to a place looked up to see a Jinbi splendid hotel with standing in front of him. Originally, the night a few months ago, he received is a billionaire millionaire millionaire. Weng and his wife bought a hotel for the waiter waiter, convinced that he would manage the letter of this hotel shop. Is the world's first manager Hilton hotel with a great reputation and the legendary story.Things are compassionate from a rich, full of love the wisdom mind: "let me start to think of a way. In mathematics field, we need a certain logic logical inference, and precise solution to verify the reasonable; to the world of literature, with borrow is good human nature, touching plot and unexpected and happy ending.. but you found no: whether literature or mathematics, outcomes are magical -- with the original wisdom is able to produce a miracle.12, a pair of brothers, they lived on the 80 floors upstairs. One day they travel for home, found the building power outage! Although they carry big luggage, but it seems not what other choice, so to my brother said to the brother, we will climb the stairs so they go on! Carrying two big baggage began to climb the stairs. Climb to the 20 floor when they start up, "said the elder brother. The bag is too heavy, and as such, we put the bag here, so call to take the elevator." then they put the luggage put on the 20 floor, easy more, continue to climb.They have said to have smiled and climbed to 40, but good times don't last long, floor, two people are really tired. Thought has also climbed only half, two people begin to complain about each other, accused each other do not pay attention to the building power outage announcement will come to this fate. They quarreled edge while climbing it climbed up to the 600 floor to the 60 floor. They get tired, they had no strength to quarrel. His younger brother said, "we don't make it, climb it." then they continue to climb stairs in silence, and finally to the 800 floor! Brothers excitedly came to the door they found that their keys left in the 20 floor bag... 。Some people say that this story is actually a reflection of our life: 200 years old, we live in the family, under the old teacher's expectation, burdened with a lot more pressure and burden, also not mature enough, lack of ability, so the walking shoe is unsteady.20 years later, leaving the public pressure the bag, remove the burden, we spare no effort to pursue his own dreams, so happily lived for 20 years. But in the 40 year, youth is gone, I have many regrets and repent, then begin to regret this, regret that a hug, complain about this, that resentment on this. So complaining about moderate The past 20 years. At the age of 60, and found that life is not much left, then tell yourself not to complain, and cherish the rest of the day day! So quietly walked from his years. To the end side of life, just think of yourself like what things are not finished originally, we all dreams are in the 20 year old youth, and have not had time to complete.13, there is a performance play before the masters, his disciples tell him loose shoelace. Thanks to the master nodded, squat down carefully is good. Wait until after the turn of the disciples, then squat down to the shoes loose shoelace. There is an observer to see all of this, asked: "master, you why should the shoelace loose?" the master replied: "because I played a hard journey, journey to let his shoelace loose open, can through the details of the performance of his tired haggard." "why did you not tell what your brother son" he can carefully discover my shoes shoelaces loose, and eager to Tell me I, I must protect his enthusiasm of this enthusiasm, in a timely manner to encourage him to encourage, as to why the lace will be opened, there will be more opportunities to teach him his performance, you can say again next time "A man can only do one thing, understand the focus, is the real talent.14, a person in the top of the mountain Yingchao, caught a young eagle, young eagle he brought home, and raised in the cages. The young eagle and chicken pecking, play and rest. It is thought he was a chicken. The Eagle Eagle grew wings plump, the main owner want to train falcons, but because all day and chicken mixed together, it has become exactly the same as the chicken, the root had no desire to fly. Try to master a variety of ways, and have no effect, and finally put it to the top of the hill, it threw a out. The eagle like stone like, straight fall, panic disorder. It is hard to swat wings Bang, so, it finally flew up!Tip: hone the strength of the call to success15, a man named Abag everyone living in Inner Mongolia grassland. One, the young Abag and his dad lost his way on the prairie, Abag was tired and afraid, and finally a quick walk. My father from his pocket coin coins, a coin is buried in the grass. And, the rest are put up in the hands of Abag, said: "life is a gold coin, children's childhood, youth, youth, middle age, old age each have one, you can now use a, is buried in the grass that one, you can't take a throw in the grass the grassland, you should be a little bit of land, often times with different, so don't waste your life Today we must be out of the prairie, you will one must go out of the grassland. The world is very big, and people alive, will go some place, and see more, do not let your gold does not use the discarded. "His father encouraged, the day abage out of the prairie grass grew up., abage left home and became an outstanding captain.The secret: cherish life, can be able to get out of the frustration of the swamp.166, there are two brothers, aged 44 at the age of five, however, as the bedroom windows are closed all day, they think Aya Chita dark, see outside the bright sun, feel very envious. Brother brother two discuss said: "we can put together outside the sun came to sweep a little. Then, the two brothers with a broom broom and dustpan to sweep up the sun sun terrace. When they moved to the dustpan when the inside of the room, there will be no sunshine. So again and again 33 so many times, the house is a little sunshine in the kitchen are not. A busy mother surprised to see them move up, Asked: "what are you doing?" they replied: "the room is dark, we have to sweep the sun in," she said with a smile: "as long as the windows open, the sun will come in, why should we sweep it?""Tip: to the closed door open, the success of Yang Yangguang will be able to disperse the failure of the dark.17, after the rain, a spider hard to the wall has been climbingconstruction quality acceptance and assessment Regulation (Professional Edition) (DL/T5210.2-2009~DL/T5210.8-2009); 1.9 the quality checkout and evaluation of electric equipment installation engineering code (DL/T 5161.1-2002~5161.17-2002); 1.10 the norms of construction supervision, the electric power construction supervision regulations

　Writing material: three hundred philosophical storiesThe three hundred chapter of philosophical story1, a turkey and a cow idle gossip, Turkey said: I want to fly to the top of the tree, but I have no courage to say. Cattle: why I do not eat the cow dung, they are very nutritious. Turkey eat a cow dung, and found it did give it enough power fly to the root b

相关关键词： 普通高中美术教科书