从细节切入引导生深度阅读

　 从细节切入 引导学生深度阅读

　 刘从奇

　说明：本文试图以一节课的片段为例，探讨如何从细节切入 引导学生深度阅。

　教读《项羽之死》（《中国古代诗歌散文欣赏》选修第四单元 ）学习目标已经明确，必要的预习环节已完成，初读之后，于是，引导学生品读、思考。

　课例

　请同学们齐读第二段。

　“于是项王乃上马骑，麾下壮士骑从者八百余人，直夜溃围南出，驰走。平明，汉军乃觉之，令骑将灌婴以五千骑追之。项王渡淮，骑能属者百余人耳。项王至阴陵，迷失道，问一田父，田父绐曰“左”。左，乃陷大泽中。以故汉追及之。……”

　再请同学们默读，画出你认为重要的细节，认真思考。然后我们讨论。

　（生默读思考）

　师：项王至阴陵，如果不迷失道，会被汉军追及之吗？

　生：不会。

　师：田父如果不绐之，会被汉军追击之吗？

　生：不会。

　生：因为他的马快！我看史书上说项羽骑的马是踏云乌骓马！

　生：项羽自己也说他的马日行千里呀！

　师：（笑）好，你们阅读的兴趣很广嘛！

　师：如果不陷大泽中，项羽会败得那么惨吗？

　生：当然不会！

　师：看来，项羽的失败，确属偶然，要不是阴陵失道，恐怕楚汉相争的历史就要改写了，又假如，老农不骗他，楚汉相争的历史也要改写喽，历史就是这样，许多偶然的因素，竟改变了历史的走向。老师的结论对吗？

　生：（疑惑）

　教师不急于释疑。

　师：对于自己失败的原因，项羽自己怎么看呢？

　生：“此天亡我，非战之罪也”

　师：司马迁是这么看的吗？

　教师出示PPT

　太史公曰：吾闻之周生曰“舜目盖重瞳子”，又闻项羽亦重瞳子。羽岂其苗裔邪？何兴之暴也！夫秦失其政，陈涉首难，豪杰蜂起，相与并争，不可胜数。然羽非有尺寸，乘势起陇亩之中，三年，遂将五诸侯灭秦，分裂天下，而封王侯，政由羽出，号为“霸王”，位虽不终，近古以来未尝有也，及羽背关怀楚，放逐义帝而自立，怨王侯叛己，难矣。自矜功伐，奋其私智而不师古。谓霸王之业，欲以力征经营天下。五年卒亡其国，身死东城，尚不觉寐而不自责，过矣。乃引“天亡我，非用兵之罪也”，岂不谬哉！

　（《史记·项羽本纪》 师：这是司马迁在《项羽本纪》篇末加的史论，从这段话，可以看出太史公同意项羽的理由吗？

　生：不同意！

　师：同学们想想：司马迁认为项羽的悲剧原因是什么？请用太史公的原话来说。

　生：“自矜功伐，奋其私智而不师古。”

　生：“欲以力征经营天下。”

　师：我们再读刚才项羽阴陵失道一节，项羽和手下将士为什么会失道？再联想一下，我们在高一上学期学过《鸿门宴》。换个角度思考一下：假如是项羽追击刘邦，刘邦在突围时他会失道吗？他会怎么办？

　生：（回忆、思索）

　师：（启发点拨）刘邦遇到困难时最常说的一句话是什么？

　生：“为之奈何？”

　生：“且为之奈何？

　生：“奈何为之？”

　师：他问谁？

　生：手下的谋士。

　师：对，刘邦遇到困难总是向手下的谋士问计。项羽作出决策时喜欢问范增、项伯他们吗？

　生：不喜欢。

　生：从我们学过的关于项羽刘邦的文章中从没看出项羽向手下的人问过“为之奈何”这样的话。

　师：对，同学们还记得吗，鸿门宴之前，他听曹无伤说沛公欲王关中，他连想都没想，就决定，“旦日飨士卒，为击破沛公军”他问过身边的谋士范增了吗？鸿门宴上，“范增举所佩玉玦，以示之者三”要项羽诛杀沛公，项羽听从范增的意见了吗？

　生：没有。

　师：项羽的性格符合太史公说的哪句话？

　生：“自矜功伐，奋其私智而不师古。”

　师：他不思古，也不向手下人问计，岂不就是“奋其私智”？用哪一句成语概括最准确？

　生：骄傲自大！

　生：傲慢自大！

　生：刚愎自用！

　师：对，准确地说就是“刚愎自用”！在项羽的战争生涯中，一贯坚信自己勇猛无敌，能征善战。自大，他自称“西楚霸王”；自负，从不珍惜身边的有用人才，也不听像范增那样的谋士的意见。他刚愎自用，一意孤行，使得一大批人才弃他而去。据说，韩信这位军事家早年谋职于项羽集团，可惜项羽没有慧眼赏识他，使这位军事天才得不到用武之地，因而韩信毫不犹豫地跳槽投奔了刘邦。

　师：咱们民间有一句关于韩信带兵的歇后语，有哪一位同学能说说？

　生：韩信将兵——多多益善。

　师：对，这还有一个历史传说，记住，是历史传说，谁能给大家说说。

　生：刘邦曾经和韩信讨论各位将领的才能，认为他们各有高下。刘邦问：“像我，能带多少士兵？”韩信说：“陛下不过能带十万人。”刘邦说：“那你呢？”韩信说：“像我，越多越好。”刘邦笑：“统帅士兵的越多越好，那你为什么被我捉住？”韩信说：“陛下不善于带兵，但善于统领将领，这就是韩信我被陛下捉住的原因了。”《史记·淮阴侯列传》上常从容与信言诸将能不，各有差。上问曰：“如我，能将几何？”信曰：“陛下不过能将十万。”上曰：“于公何如？”曰：“臣多多而益善耳。”上笑曰：“多多益善，何为我禽？”信曰：“陛下不能将兵，而善将将，此乃信之所以为陛下禽也。且陛下所谓天授，非人力也。”——司马迁《史记·淮阴侯列传》 “陛下不能将兵，而善将将

　（教师出示PPT）

　居数日，项羽引兵西屠咸阳，杀秦降王子婴，烧秦宫室，火三月不灭；收其货宝妇女而东。人或说项王曰：“关中阻山河四塞，地肥饶，可都以霸。”项王见秦宫皆以烧残破，又心怀思欲东归，曰：“富贵不归故乡，如衣绣夜行，谁知之者！”说者曰：“人言楚人沐猴而冠耳，果然。”项王闻之，烹说者。

　 （《史记·项羽本纪》） 师：从这两则史料可以看出，项羽做了哪些不义之事？

　生：杀义帝。

　生：坑秦降卒20万人。

　生：屠咸阳、杀子婴、火烧阿房宫。

　师：这些事实表明，项羽是不是嗜杀成性？这就是太史公所说的“欲以力征经营天下。”“以力征经营天下。”能得民心吗？

　生：不能。

　师：与“欲以力征经营天下。”相反的做法是什么？

　生：以仁义得天下。

　师：以仁义得天下项羽做到了吗？

　生：没有。

　师：所以，我们得出什么结论？

　生：项羽的失败不是偶然的。

　师：请同学们小结一下：项羽失败的悲剧根源是什么？

　生：刚愎自用，“自矜功伐，奋其私智而不师古。”

　生：“欲以力征经营天下。”

　生：不得民心。杀怀王、坑秦卒、屠咸阳。说明他不以仁义经营天下。

　生：项羽不知爱惜人才，也不虚心听取别人意见。

　师：同学们总结的非常好。要成就一番事业，一是要认识到，个人的才智是有限的，要广揽天下英才。二是要认识到仅凭武力争天下还不够，还要以仁义经营天下。

　（略）

　以上是我给高二年级学生上阅读鉴赏课的片段。同学们学得兴趣盎然，教学效果不错，课后反思，其成功的原因如下：

　文本分析

　《项羽之死》这篇课文人物形象鲜明，富有感染力。文字比较浅显，学生在高一年级已读过《鸿门宴》，联系新旧知识，借助课文的注释，很容易走进文本，走进司马迁创造的历史情境中。

　教学思路

　把阅读鉴赏课真正上成欣赏课，本课试图打破传统的文言文教学过多注重“言”而忽略“文”的套路，在尊重文本的基础上，引导学生从细节入切入，对作品做深度解读。深度解读是实现深度学习目标的重要环节，也是学生阅读、认知、发现、反思、创造的过程。

　反思小结

　一、 什么是深度学习？所谓深度学习：是指在理解学习的基础上，学生能够批判的学习新的思想和事实，并把它们融入原有的认知结构中，能在众多思想中进行联系，并能将已有的知识迁移到新的情景中去，并作出决策和解决问题的学习。它鼓励学生积极地探索、反思和创造，而不是反复的记忆。我们可以把深度学习理解为一种基于理解的学习。它强调学生批判性地学习新思想和知识，把它们纳入原有的认知结构中，将已有的知识迁移到新的情境中，从而帮助决策、解决问题。

　二：深度学习的特点：1：深度学习意味着理解和批判；2：深度学习意味着联系与构建；3:深度学习意味着迁移与应用；因此，深度学习在教学设计中，首先应该设计出学生学习可以积极参与的学习活动；如采用基于问题的教学设计，不仅要设计好大的问题，更要设计好小的问题，比如从典型细节切入，这样才能不断的激发学生深入的去思考，并且注意时时生成新的问题；如任务驱动的教学设计尽量的让任务情景与学生的生活或已构建的知识联系起来，这样既可以保持学生的参与积极性，同时也更利于学生运用学生所学的知识。深度阅读是实现深度学习目标的重要环节。

　三、如何引导学生做深度阅读

　一要深识，即在阅读中拾级而上，获取丰厚的知识与学养；二要深悟，“悟”是在博闻广见基础上的透彻之悟，而非一知半解之悟；三要深思，古人讲“熟读细参”，“思”就是细参之后的深思熟虑。这实在是道出了深度阅读之要义。所谓深度阅读就是给阅读者较多的时间和空间，在思想自由且占有较多相关材料的前提下，透过文本文字符号的表层意义，与文本、作者以及自己等展开多重对话，从而获得深度情感体验、受到深刻人生启迪的阅读过程。笔者认为，语文教学中的深度阅读必先深思，给学生足够的时间和空间，当然这要求教师应该深思在先，由“思”而抵达深悟，在深悟的过程中灵魂得到洗礼，精神得到升华，进而达到深识，获得丰厚的学养。好的阅读是一次精神的对话，一段心灵的旅程，一场文化的盛宴。我在教读《项羽之死》这篇课文时，因为能够由“深识”而 “深悟” 由“深悟”而“深思”，所以，整节课，学生思维活跃，师生对话、学生与文本对话都达到了心领神会的境界。因此，可以说一堂好的阅读课，也就是引导学与太史公做了一次精神对话，也是一段心灵的旅程，虽不能说一场文化盛宴，也算得上是一次烹小鲜品小吃吧。我认为好的阅读鉴赏课就应该这样上。从细节切入 引导学生深度阅读，不失为一种好方法。

　（联系地址：霍邱师范学校，电箱@163.com）

　integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,

　integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,

　integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,

相关关键词： 从阅读的角度切入