新概念英语第4册第5单元课文语法

　 新概念英语第四册第五单元语法

　Lesson 5 Youth 青年

　People are always talking about ‘the problem of youth’. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.

　When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.

　I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong. (NCE Book Four)

　Classroom（compound） decision (derivation) shift （）

　上面每组句子表达的意思相同，但使用词汇转用的句子在表达功能上明显简洁而生动，更能吸引读者的注意力。下面我们看看几种常见易学的词类转换。

　名词转化成动词

　名词转换为动词是现代英语中极为普遍的现象,也是转换法中构词能力最强的方法之一,因此由名词转换为动词的数量最多，在现代英语中，名词的数量远远超过动词。

　The books are shelved in alphabetical order. 这些书按字母顺序排列在书架上。

　The trees fruit in November. 果树在11月份结果。

　Queue up for a bus. 排队等公共汽车。

　She is ready to shop with her mother. 她准备和她妈妈一起去购物。

　She models for an art school. 她为一所艺术学校当模特儿。

　You shouldn’t fool me into talking with that girl. 你不应该欺骗我去跟那个女孩谈话。

　She is nursing an old lady for $500 a month. 她给一位老夫人当护士，每月薪金500美元。

　He ushered at the state banquet. 他在国宴上当招待员。

　It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students. 它描绘海外中国留学生的生活。

　The workers canned fruit. 工人们把水果装罐。

　Who headed the delegation? 谁任代表团团长？

　Mary dusted the furniture. 玛丽拭去家具上的灰尘。

　The prisoner was cornered at last.这名罪犯最终被逼到一个角落。

　Where can we house all these people? 我们到哪里去给这些人提供住房？

　Seven days of heavy rain flooded out thousands of people in 1963. 1963年数以千计的人们被那场七天七夜的大雨赶出了家园。

　Them truth began to surface. 真相开始大白。

　He banked half his salary every month. 他每月把自己工资得一半存入银行。

　The door was bolted from inside. 房门里面上着插销。

　The text is plainly worded. 文章的措辞平易。

　We should value our friendship. 我们应该珍惜我们的友谊。

　The play was first staged in London. 这个剧首先在伦敦上演。

　The sail bellied out in the wind then run into the chopping sea. 帆在风中张满，然后快速冲入波涛汹涌的海。

　Our family was vacationing in Florida when Sheryl called. 我们一家人在佛罗里达度假时谢里尔突然来了电话。

　Every year, my husband and I journeyed to a rustic island off the coast of Maine. 每年我丈夫和我都去缅因州海岸外的一个未开发的小岛去旅行。

　Our eyes mirror the outside world without leaving an imprint on our souls. 我们的眼睛向我们展现了外部世界，但并不在我们的心灵上留下印记。

　About ten minutes after going in, they surfaced. 潜入水中约十分钟后，他们浮出了水面。

　He quickly fueled and headed fast for the island. 他很快加好了油，朝那座岛上飞去。

　He cut two pieces of meat, forked the meat into his mouth. 他切了两片肉，用叉子把他们送进嘴里。

　He eyed me for a moment. 他打量了我一下。

　Benson filmed the crater floor. 本森拍摄了火山口的地表。

　Every day, it seems, we’re flooded with pop-psych advice about happiness. 我们每天好像都被淹没在大众心理学关于幸福的建议中。

　His heart hammered, and his chest felt as if it might explode. 他的心跳得很厉害，胸腔感觉好像要爆炸似的。

　The bear inched closer. 熊一点一点逼近。

　Kids who microwave their own dinner and chow down in front of the TV set lose the sense that family time is more important than TV time. 用微波炉热晚饭，而后在电视机前狼吞虎咽，这样的孩子没有意识到与家人在一起的时间比看电视的时间更重要。

　She penned a short memo to his private secretary. 她给他的私人秘书写了一个简短的备忘录。

　They pictured her with fiery eyes, lava-black hair and a fondness for gin. 他们把她描绘成眼睛炯炯有神，头发乌黑如火山岩，喜欢喝杜松子酒。

　They radioed that they would wait for the weather to clear. 他们用无线电发报，说他们要等到天气放晴。

　Developers asked that the petition be tabled until they could prepare an alternative plan. 开发商要求暂缓审议这个请求，直到他们准备好可供选择的另一个方案。

　Parking is scarce at the University of Washington in Seattle. Those who break the rules are quickly ticketed. 位于西雅图的华盛顿大学停车位很少。违章停车的人很快就会收到违章停车罚款单。

　Williams nervously fingered her prepared speech. 威廉斯紧张地拨弄她孩子，事先准备好的发言稿。

　The old lady mothered him during his illness. 他生病期间，老太太母亲般地照顾他。

　It is wrong to seal, to lie, to abuse children, to father babies and not to support them, or to gamble away a family’s resources. 偷窃，撒谎，虐待儿童，做了孩子的父亲又不养，或者赌博输掉家里的财产，这些都是错误的。

　形容词转化成动词

　形容词和副词转化为动词的现象在现代英语中不如名词常见，原因是大多数形容词和副词都有其意义相同的名词。在英语中形容词转化为动词多表示状态的变化，变为形容词本身所表示的样子，如：

　He had tried to better his status. 他曾设法改善自己的地位。

　He busied himself with writing a dissertation. 他忙于写论文。

　He always gets ready to happy her. 他总设法使她快乐。

　You should open the windows to clear the room everyday. 你应该每天开开窗子使屋里的空气清新。

　The rain has cooled the air. 这场雨使天气凉爽了。

　Clothes dry quickly in autumn. 夏季衣服干的很快。

　Girls mature earlier than boys. 女孩比男孩成熟早。

　Calm down, baby, what is the trouble? 冷静点儿，孩子，出了什么事?

　One day I busied myself in my father’s darkroom，rummaging through cardboard cartons…一天，在父亲的储藏室，我匆匆忙忙地翻腾柜子里的盒子。

　With breakfast done，we readied our packs. 早饭后，我们准备好了行装。

　The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车速度减慢了一半。

　The newspaper had been yellowed by sunlight. 阳光使报纸变黄了。

　She is investigating the ancients’ conception of the universe. 她正在调查那些古人的宇宙观。

　There was only one black in my class. 我班上只有一个黑人学生。

　You won’t find many classics in our library. 你在我们图书馆找不到多少经典著作。

　She considered herself an intellectual. 她认为自己是知识分子。

　The king greeted his nobles. 国王问候他的贵族。

　He is a natural for the job. 他天生适合这个工作。

　The café was popular with locals, and not with the more respectable locals at that. 这家咖啡馆受当地人欢迎，不过不是那些更体面的当地人。

　动词转化成名词

　在现代英语中，动词转换为名词或动词词组转换为名词也是比较常见的，但其数量远比不上名词转换为的动词。由动词转化成名词，可以表示原来的动作或状态，也可以引申为表示人、器物、动作施行者、动作的对象或结果等。试举几例：

　We stopped there for a swim. 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。

　Women have an equal say in everything. 妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。

　This is the divide between the two rivers. 这是两条河的分界线。

　The take-off of the plane was smooth. 飞机起飞平稳。

　He made an attempt on the new world record in men’s high jump. 他试图刷新男子跳高的世界记录。

　That house is a good buy at six thousand dollars. 那房子六千元买到是划算的交易。

　You’d better go to see a doctor about your cut. 你最好找医生看看你的伤口。

　He is going to have a careful dig with a trowel. 他准备用铲子小心地挖掘。

　Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) mortality headed into a steep dive. 肺病死亡率开始急剧下降。

　Could you get me some drink? 你能否给我弄点饮料?

　He didn’t know their stand in the matter. 他不知道他们在该事件中的立场。

　He has fallen in love with that girl. 他已经爱上了那个女孩。

　The flower gives out a pleasant smell. 这种花散发出一种香味。

　He has our whole-hearted support in his election. 我们全心全意地支持他当选。

　I like your excellent taste in literature. 我赞赏你在文学方面的出色品味。

　This exhibition is a must. 这个展览一定要看。

　Milk and meat are must-buy items. 牛奶和肉是必须购买的商品。

　After five attempts, she finally parked the car and rolled down her window. 尝试了五次以后，她终于停好饿了车，摇下车窗玻璃。

　One day, in a discussion on bites, he pointed out that Ireland hoes not have snakes. 有一天，在讨论咬伤的时候，他指出，爱尔兰没有蛇。

　His first buy was four ounces. 他第一次买了4盎司。

　Due to budget cuts, we regret to inform you the light at the end of the tunnel is being turned off. 因削减预算，我们遗憾地告诉你们，地下通道尽头的电灯将被关掉。

　My parents invited them for an afternoon drive. 我父母邀请他们下午出去驱车兜风。

　The newlyweds had had their first big fight. 新婚夫妇头一次大打了一场。

　Unfortunately she let go before I had a firm grip, and the glass shattered on the tile floor. 不幸的是，我还没有抓紧，她就松手了，玻璃杯子掉在瓷砖上摔碎了。

　形容词转化成名词

　形容词转换为动词分为两种：部分转换和完全转换。部分转换是指由形容词转化的名词未完全名词化，与名词的特征尚有一定距离，并受一定语法结构的制约，如the poor, the rich, the employed, the deaf 等。这类词前要加定冠词，并且没有复数形式。完全转换是指形容词完全转化为名词，并带有名词的一切特征，如:native（本国的）转换为名词后可以有复数和所有格形式，即a native（本国人），two natives，the native’s language，a returned native。再比如：

　Their jobless total reached a record high since 1940.他们的失业人数达到1940年以来的最高峰。

　They are running in the final. 他们正在进行赛跑决赛。

　This is a school for the deaf and the mute. 这是一所聋哑学校。

　Tom is one of our regulars. 汤姆是我们的一位常客。

　At the finals they win the football match. 在决赛中，他们赢了这场足球赛。

　They are playing football on the green. 他们正在草地上踢足球。

　Lu Xun is one of the immortals. 鲁迅是不朽的人物之一。

　The SIHEYUAN is his family’s immovables. 这所四合院是他家的不动产。

　He is thirsty and wants to get some bitters to drink .他渴了，想弄些苦啤酒喝。

　I keep my valuables at the bank. 我把贵重物存在银行。

　All the perishables must be delivered without delay. 易碎之物必须立刻送出。

　The particulars are not yet available. 详细资料尚未获得。

　The rich live in luxury and the poor live in misery. 富人过着奢侈的生活，穷人过着悲惨的生活。

　The best is often the enemy of the good. 标准过高，反难成功。

　His life is changing for the better.他的生活正变的好起来。

　The situation changed for the worse.局势恶化了。

　He told me something about the latest.他告诉我一些最近的消息。

　形容词转化成动词

　形容词转换成动词后，可以是及物动词，跟宾语，也可以是不及物的动词。例如：

　He briefed the President twice a week. 他每周给总统通报两次简报。

　When I hung up the phone, I realized that she sounded disappointed. Our friendship cooled. 我放下电话以后，意识到她有些失望。我们的友谊冷却下来了。

　Will someone please dim the light? 请哪位把灯光调暗一些好吗？

　Prescription painkillers barely dulled the ache. 处方止痛药仅仅使疼痛不明显。

　The strikers blacked the ship. 罢工者把船涂成黑色。

　We can better our work by being more careful next time. 我们下次可以通过更加仔细来改进我们的工作。

　The river narrows at this point. 这条河在这里变窄了。

　The car rounded the corner of the street. 这辆汽车拐过街角。

　Thousands have braved the icy rain to demonstrate their support. 数千人冒着冰冷的雨游行，表示支持。

　其他词类转换成名词

　 一般说来，在任特定的语境中，任何非名词的词语在句中都可以当成名词使用，具有名词的某些功能。例如：

　He knows all the ins and outs of the whole affair. 他了解整个事情的来龙去脉。（副词转用为名词）

　Is Jane's new baby a he or she? 简的新生婴儿是男孩还是女孩。（代词转用为名词）

　His talk contains too many ifs and buts.他的讲话充满太多的如果、但是。（连词转用为名词）

　The where and when are not known.地点和时间都不知道。

　We shall have our ups and downs. 我们都各有盛衰沉浮。（副词转用为名词）

　There are too many ands and buts and notwithstandings in your manuscript; and I don’t like &’s in a formal paper. 你的稿子里用了太多的and, but和notwithstanding；而且我不赞成正式报告里用&.

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