中国需要怎样高中阶段教育

　 中国需要怎样的高中阶段教育2014-04-08格智兴教育期刊中国需要怎样的高中阶段教育——访中国政府“友谊奖”获得者、斯坦福大学教授罗斯高　罗斯高（SCOTT DOUGLAS ROZELLE）博士，美国斯坦福大学国际研究所高级研究员和终身教授，中国科学院农业政策研究中心学术顾问委员会主席；2007年获中国科学院首届“国际合作奖”，2008年获中国政府颁发的“友谊奖”和中国科技部“国际合作奖”。

　■产业转型升级必须要有高素质和高技能的人才作为基础，尤其需要建立至少接受过高中阶段教育的劳动力和人才储备体系。

　■尽管中国在促进职业教育发展方面已经进行了巨大的投入，但对中国政府来说，当前迫切需要评估的是，中职教育到底要为中国培养什么样的人才？中国政府的公共财政对于中职教育的大规模投入是否达到了最初的预期？究竟是优先发展中职教育更能满足中国发展之需，还是优先发展普通高中教育？　■中国政府的当务之急，是在中国经济社会未来20年发展的总体战略上，一边重新规划高中阶段教育的总体构架，一边尽快完善后义务教育的办学质量、水平评估体系。

　作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国与其他发展中国家一样，为了促进产业转型升级、保持经济可持续发展，正在加大公共财政投入力度，逐步普及高中阶段教育。

　根据教育规划纲要(2010-2020年)所设定的目标，到2020年，中国高中阶段毛入学率将达到90%，并保持普通高中和中等职业学校招生规模大体相当。这意味着中职教育将进入发展的黄金期。

　然而，最近几年，学界和社会上对于发展普通高中和快速发展的中职教育费效比，以及究竟优先发展普通高中还是中职学校，出现了不少争论。

　在中国经济社会发展的现阶段以及未来发展趋势下，究竟发展什么样的高中阶段教育更符合中国未来的人力资本投资战略？过往的国际经验，对于中国在优先发展普通高中与中职教育之间的战略选择上，有着怎样的启示？　带着这些问题，本报记者对在华从事了30余年田野调查研究的美国斯坦福大学国际研究所高级研究员罗斯高教授进行了专访。

　中国人力资本现状需要怎样的教育？　世界经济学界很早就提出，一个国家未来发展的不平等，取决于该国当前的收入不平等现状。更重要的是，取决于该国当前的人力资本积累的状况，因为人力资本积累或劳动力的生产水平将成为未来劳动力收入的主要决定因素。

　当前，中国的人力资本现状如何？　作为长期研究中国农业政策和农村问题的著名发展经济学专家，罗斯高教授认为，中国当前的人力资本现状远不能适应中国正在推进的产业转型升级的需要。

　罗斯高称，劳动力供给问题已逐渐成为制约中国当前实现可持续发展的一个重要瓶颈。中国无限制提供廉价劳动力的时代已经一去不复返。近年来，中国国内劳动力市场工资水平在不断上涨，产业结构调整压力也在逐步增大，“用工荒”、“技工荒”和就业难等劳动力供求的结构性矛盾正在显现。

　中国如何破解发展中面临的劳动力供给问题？罗斯高认为，已有的发达国家或成功转型的发展中国家经验表明，产业转型升级必须要有高素质和高技能的人才作为基础，尤其需要建立至少接受过高中阶段教育的劳动力和人才储备体系；确保产业结构调整升级，关键在于劳动生产率的提高，而劳动生产率提高的背后，恰恰有赖于劳动力受教育水平的提高。

　过去5年，依托“农村教育行动计划项目”(由中国科学院农业政策研究中心、陕西师范大学教育实验经济研究所、西北社会经济发展研究中心与美国斯坦福大学合作组建)通过对中国展开深入研究后，罗斯高发现，中国贫困农村地区学龄儿童占全国学龄儿童的45%到50%，其中，超过8000万儿童年龄在6至15岁之间。这些孩子将是未来中国社会劳动力的中坚力量，他们今天所能获得的教育状况将直接决定未来中国劳动力的供给质量，更决定未来中国经济发展的水平。

　上世纪中后期日本和“亚洲四小龙”的发展经验或许对今天的中国有所借鉴。19世纪60年代，日本、韩国和台湾等国家和地区处在类似于我国目前的经济发展阶段时，都建立了一整套从小学到高中阶段的优质教育体系。这些至少接受过高中阶段教育的劳动力储备，为本国、本地区产业结构成功地由低端制造业向现代化制造业和服务业等高端产业转型，提供了重要支撑。

　“事实上，上世纪80年代至90年代以来，农村教育一直是整个中国教育体系中发展比较成功的部分，不仅仅是因为孩子们都上了小学，更大程度上是由于全体6至12岁适龄儿童（包括女孩和少数民族孩子）今天都能坐在教室里接受教育。可以说，普及九年义务教育为中国劳动力和人才储备打下了比较好的基础。”罗斯高说，中国后义务教育阶段（包括高中阶段教育和高等教育阶段）发展的不均衡，目前已成为制约中国劳动力水平大幅提高的主要瓶颈。

　2009年，罗斯高和他所在的“农村教育行动计划项目”团队对6000万学生的高考成绩研究发现，来自贫困农村地区的孩子上大学，接受高等教育的几率远低于城市地区孩子。其中，城市地区孩子进入像清华、北大这样的名牌大学的几率，是农村贫困地区孩子的45倍；进入普通四年制本科大学的几率，是农村贫困地区孩子的8倍，即便是普通大专院校，城市孩子也有7倍于农村贫困地区孩子的可能性进入这些大专院校。

　“高等教育发展的这种不平衡在入学率上的反映，还只是冰山一角。”罗斯高认为，“后义务教育阶段中国教育的发展，其实和很多发达国家一样，并不是每一个孩子都必须上大学。但国际的成功经验是，至少接受完整的高中阶段教育对于提高农村地区劳动力的技术水平至关重要。比如二战后的德国、日本所建立的高质量职业教育，既为它们的高端制造业发展提供了宝贵的人力资本，也大大提高了劳动力素质和生产率。”　罗斯高援引2009年的数据分析说，虽然2009年中国高中阶段毛入学率为79.2%，但在劳动力主要来源地的农村，高中阶段教育普及率只有50%，西部边远农村的普及率更低。这一毛入学率的差异反映到了中国农村地区实际人口的涉及面，这意味着中国有超过1.5亿农村孩子接受完九年义务教育后就开始进入劳动力市场，并没有接受高中阶段教育，“这对于中国的未来发展，确实不是一个好信号”。

　教育能否扭转中国发展不平衡趋势？　过去30多年，中国实现了经济高速发展，在改善民生、提高老百姓生活质量、减少贫困等方面得到国际的广泛认可。但是，对于下一个30年中国能否跨越“中等收入陷阱”，未来的中国将依靠什么继续保持经济社会发展稳中向好的势头，国内外学界有着各种不同版本的争论和预测。

　通过对世界不同国家的经济转型进行的对比研究，罗斯高认为，经济发展的“铁律”表明，经济增长与社会发展不平衡之间一直存在此消彼长的关系。历史上，许多国家在试图从中等收入迈向高收入国家的转型时期，经济增长与经济发展不平衡成为最突出的矛盾。比如，在东亚地区，韩国、台湾在实现转型过程中一直保持较好的经济均衡发展模式。而与之形成鲜明对比的是，智利、墨西哥、哥斯达黎加、阿根廷等一些转型国家在保持经济高速发展的同时，也出现了许多发展不平衡的矛盾，并最终成为阻碍经济进一步发展的瓶颈。这些国家在人均收入达到1500美元左右后，都出现了不同程度的经济发展停滞甚至倒退。

　具有区域性和结构性发展不平衡特点的中国，在产业转型升级和跨越“中等收入陷阱”的当下，究竟能依靠什么实现适合中国社会实际的转型之路？是像近邻日本、韩国、新西兰那样获得较好的转型，还是像阿根廷、墨西哥等国家那样转型呢？　根据罗斯高的分析估算，到2030年，中国的“人口红利”将差不多与1990年时的日本相同，廉价劳动力的时代将宣布结束。而且中国和日本这两大经济体都面临严峻的人口老龄化形势，同时两国都具有比较相似的高等教育体系。

　罗斯高教授认为，中国要实现经济社会的可持续发展，其经济走向将在很大程度上取决于，中国在2025年到2030年间如何解决或缓解劳动力收入分化和不平衡问题，“而这也将依赖于中国教育能否培养出足够数量的、适应中国高端制造业所需要的高素质、高技能的应用型人才，并以此缩小因人均生产率水平、劳动力收入差异而逐步拉大的差距”。

　“可喜的是，最近一些年，中国政府已经在积极探索后义务教育阶段的教育，并希望借此尽快改善中国劳动力的素质。”罗斯高说，中国的国家教育规划纲要，从为提升中国产业结构和转变发展方式提供强大人才保证和智力支持的高度，将持续的教育投入作为支撑中国长远发展的基础性、战略性投资，并制定了普及高中阶段教育的时间表：从2009至2015年，高中阶段教育的毛入学率从79.2%提高到87.0%，到2020年进一步提高到90%。

　罗斯高认为，随着国家公共财政资源对教育投资总量的增加，以及用于高中阶段教育比例的提高，如何分配高中阶段的教育公共投资才能更好地普及高中阶段教育，从而满足实现中国产业转型和经济结构调整对高素质人才的迫切需求？不同的高中阶段教育公共投资策略所带来的投资绩效究竟如何？这些无疑是中国政策制定者和政府管理部门共同面临的一个战略选择问题。

　什么样的高中阶段教育是中国之需？　从中国现行的教育体制来看，高中阶段教育主要包括两大类型：普通高中教育和中等职业教育。其中，中职教育包括普通中专、职业高中、成人中专和技工学校教育。罗斯高说：“如何有效配置高中阶段的教育公共投资，在一定程度上其实就是如何优化和平衡高中阶段教育中普通高中教育和中职教育的公共投资比例和结构。”　依据已有的研究，罗斯高指出，相对于普通高中教育，包括中国在内的一些国家的中职教育的个人收入回报率还是相对偏低。因此，从上世纪90年代起，世界银行就建议各国将高中阶段的教育公共投资更多地从中职教育转向普通高中教育。然而，与国际相比，尽管纵向来看，中国的中等职业技术教育回报率有所提高，但从横向比较来看，在中国，中职毕业生的回报率仍然普遍低于普通高中毕业生。

　“从宏观的投入角度来看，尽管中国在促进职业教育发展方面已经进行了巨大的投入，但对中国政府来说，当前迫切需要评估的是，中职教育到底要为中国培养什么样的人才？中国政府的公共财政对于中职教育的大规模投入是否达到了最初的预期？究竟是优先发展中职教育更能满足中国发展之需，还是优先发展普通高中教育？”面对记者，罗斯高一口气说出了一连串问号。

　“要回答这些问题，就必须进行广泛的实证研究，采集足够的第一手数据。”罗斯高引用他所在的“农村教育行动计划”项目团队2010年起对中国东南沿海和中西部一些省份中职学校的调查结果，表情严肃地对记者说，“我们的跟踪调查发现，学生在进入我们随机抽取的中职样本学校学习两年后，不仅没有学到他们进校前设想的先进技术知识，甚至一些学生的基础数学、语文知识相对于初中还倒退了。”　“你知道倒退幅度是多少吗？”说着说着，罗斯高突然瞪大眼睛反问记者。据罗斯高介绍，他所在的研究团队通过随机干预实验的研究方法对中职样本学校的学生进行了两期的标准化数学能力的测试。结果发现，在进入中职学校学习两年后，学生的标准化数学考试成绩比原先在刚入校时倒退了0.08个标准差，贫困学生甚至倒退了0.3个标准差，这意味着学生在两年后的基础数学应用能力比初中三年级时倒退了近3个月，而且不少学生在进入中职学校半年后发现不能学到新技术时，就选择离开学校直接进入劳动力市场。这种流失率是目前中国所有类型学校中最高的，大约30%的学生未完成中职学校规划的2年学习期而选择提前离开。

　当务之急是完善后义务教育评估体系　“我觉得，中国政府的当务之急，是在中国经济社会未来20年发展的总体战略上，一边重新规划高中阶段教育的总体构架，一边尽快完善后义务教育的办学质量、水平评估体系。”罗斯高说，“如果做一件事情只有投入，没有效果评估，那是相当可怕和令人不解的。”　为什么一定要强调对高中阶段教育的评估呢？罗斯高解释说，对于那些目前还没有进入高中阶段或即将进入高中的学生而言，是选择上高中还是读中职，已成为他们面临的最大挑战。由于缺乏完善的高中和中职教育评估体系，中国的老百姓无法获得最新的、最权威的评价信息，谁也说不清哪所学校办得好、好在哪里，于是乎，中职教育作为一个教育门类很容易被老百姓全盘否定，最终家长干脆让孩子直接进入劳动力市场，这成为当前制约中国高中阶段教育（包括中职教育）发展的严重障碍。

　“事实上，中国在加大投资力度发展中职教育过程中，对一系列关键问题还缺乏系统而深入的研究。”罗斯高毫不掩饰地说，“首先，中国高中阶段教育的供给现状如何？是谁在办？生源、融资、办学条件和教学质量等究竟如何？其次，农村作为中国普及高中阶段教育的重点和难点以及未来劳动力的主要来源地，农村初中毕业生在高中阶段的入学状况到底如何？他们的入学选择（普通高中、中职学校还是直接进入劳动力市场）受哪些因素影响？国家中等职业教育的扩招和助学金政策以及一些地方政府的普通高中教育免费措施对他们的入学选择有没有影响？最后，中职教育相对于普通高中教育的回报率优势在中国是否普遍存在？中国普及高中阶段教育是否应以中等职业教育为重点等。”　“像这些问题的深入研究和对中国后义务教育阶段教育发展问题的梳理，是中国教育事业发展到当前阶段的当务之急。对于这些问题的回答，无疑对于中国制定未来高中阶段的教育公共投资战略、培养适应发展方式转变和经济结构调整所需要的劳动力和人才储备，具有极其重大的现实意义和政策含义。”罗斯高认为，当前的现实是，中国高中阶段教育由于缺乏规范性的教育质量评估标准，高中教育承办主体复杂多样，层次不齐，虽然拿到毕业证的学生人数不少，而真正达到毕业水平的人数却有限。在这样的新形势下，发展后义务阶段教育，尤其是高中阶段教育，是中国经济社会发展中绕不开的问题。

　以经济危机阴影下的德国为例，罗斯高介绍说，欧债危机使很多国家的失业率居高不下。但是，德国正是因为特有的双重职业教育体系，使得该国青年失业率仅为7%，而法国、意大利则占高达30%至40%。在欧洲，甚至在全球，没有一个国家的职业教育发展程度能达到德国的水平。

　德国靠什么成就了青年的低失业率？“靠的就是特有的双重职业教育体系。”罗斯高说，在德国，学生在接受学校教育的同时，也参与到企业的实习工作中去。而且在这一教育体系中，行业协会担负了极其重要的角色，通过对教育企业的资格认定、教育合同的履行管理、考试考核的命题主持以及资格证书颁发的直接干涉，使得学校教育与企业教育能够很好地衔接，学生能迅速参与到企业的高要求生产中去。这说明高素质劳动力能在很大程度上消解经济低迷时期的就业压力。这对经济增速回落的中国来说，具有很强的启示意义。

　链接：　高中与中职招生结构的变化　2005年《国务院关于大力发展职业教育的决定》提出“要以中等职业教育为重点”。2008年，党的十七届三中全会提出“重点加快发展农村中等职业教育并逐步实行免费”的方针政策。与此同时，中国对普通高中教育实行“把握发展节奏，控制发展规模”的政策。从2009年秋季学期起，我国对中等职业学校农村家庭经济困难学生和涉农专业学生实行免学费政策。

　2005至2008年间，中国中等职业学校的招生规模从655.7万增加到812.1万，平均每年以7.3%的速度递增；同期普通高中学校的招生规模则在缓慢下降，从877.7万降到837.0万，年均减少1.6%。

　到2010年，全国高中阶段学校为2.9万所，高中阶段教育在校生规模达4677.3万人；高中阶段教育毛入学率达到82.5%。其中，普通高中教育共有学校14058所，中等职业教育共有学校13872所。随着中等职业教育的持续快速发展，普通高中与中等职业教育招生和在校生比例大体相当的目标基本实现。2010年，高中阶段教育招生普职比（普职比例为普通高中与中职招生人数之比）为49.1:50.9，高中阶段教育招生结构趋于合理。Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does not care about the well-being of the masses, the sense of responsibility is not strong, go to implement the policy of benefiting shrink, work style is simple and crude, falsifying false fraud and other issues. The village, community based organizations at the grass-roots level is mainly to solve the weak and feeble, and awareness and ability to serve the people is not strong, unjustly and other issues.Municipal Party committee, county leadership and leadership cadres targeted solution to stem from generation to generation theory of learning and learning, thinking and understanding of low low, non boundary is not clear, father-in-law private is not divided, the inner world of emptiness, ginseng in feudal superstition, values dislocation, justice back; keen to on the run, do not pay attention to down and down to earth, and improve the people's livelihood and not enough attention; the use of policy research, promote the development plan of thought is not clear, do not respect the objective laws of law, not to contact the local reality, to work on, Dianmianjiege, solve complex problems, a lot of ways; organization sense lax discipline Chi, eat Eat and drink, or hold, as the style is not enough to listen to the views of democracy, is not sufficient. The problems in county units directly under the needle to solve all departments, regardless of the immediate, regardless of the overall care, long far, problems encountered around, interests struggle, work obstruction, objective reasons to find on the level assigned by the office the task of top do not do, for people to do things for various reasons do not drag on the business policy; eat out, are not allowed to grasp the situation of grass-roots work, the standard is not high, but had to go, not for the hard life, I wish you work; accustomed to when the second pass hand, to implement the conference meeting, to document the implementation of documents, Mechanically, and mechanical operation, inspection and assessment of excessive and indiscriminate procedures too cumbersome, the service efficiency is not high; back to work late and leave early, off-site their labor does not contribute, work, play games, go to Taobao, do private affairs. Law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry for the solution of departmental interests first, set up the trap of consumption, and increase their cost, making things difficult for the masses, yuminzhengli; engage in selective enforcement, arbitrary enforcement, and does not give the benefits do not work, give the benefits of out of work, do human case, relations case, money case. Township. Street leadership and leading cadres have needle To solve the service consciousness is not strong, and waiting for the door, need to take the initiative to ask less, "day" phenomenon is serious, the masses who can not find work; don't respect people meaning will not pay attention to do ideological work, administrative work force, attitude toward the masses evil bad rebuked; awareness of the law and policy ideas is not strong, not in accordance with the law and legal procedures, arbitrary misappropriate by taking of project funds, to deceive the masses, and fool superior; the masses deduction of property, and the masses of money owed, on account, a bunch of problems depend, against the interests of the masses. The village, community organizations and so on have a needle to solve the ability to lead the masses out of poverty to get rich The policy is not strong, and is not in place, excellent affectionate friends and other issues.According to our actual County, county led the leadership and leading cadres to solve outstanding neglect of theoretical study, relaxed ideological uplifting, the transformation of the subjective world is not enough; the development of consciousness is not strong, the lack of a pioneering spirit of innovation and development of extension and planning work style, the starting point is not high; the work style of the wind drift, work strength is insufficient promote the working poor, pointing problem. Agatanoatae departments (units) to solve the conflict outstanding overall awareness is not strong, a unit of interests, to push and push, can avoid to be avoided, "buck" style of play; the wind is not practical, formalism, take office remote command, issue orders left and right; the development of service ability; On the higher level policy is not strong, don't eat thoroughly, grasp the information held to get large projects, good projects, not many democratic consciousness; indifferent Bo, autocratic, project implementation and financial management policy is not strict, not according to the provisions of the compression three funds, private, a "small exchequer" work, reception and public service vehicles to exceed the standard, Gongjusiyong, gongsibufen; discipline loose, fine depressed, apathetic, baggy collapse. Problems of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry to solve the standard process prominent light weight rights bureau, light duty, light service charge, regardless of weight, the global and the interests of the masses, not As slow as, as the chaos; are keen to shout slogans, slogans, really not good in service, and do practical things. Problems of Rural Township, street leading bodies and leading cadres to solve outstanding stem development consciousness is not strong, unclear thinking, with the current situation, progress, innovation consciousness is not strong. The work did not pick up, appearance change is the sense of purpose; desalination, not understanding of public opinion, not good at doing all the work of the masses, reflect some problems of setting aside, long failed; style is not democracy, serious paternalism, listen to different views, "What I say goes. Tang; hhrrc idle away in seeking pleasure and so on village. Community organizations and so on, but also highlight the fabric to solve the ideological concept of old concept, weak, lazy, too and, fighting force is not enough to play enough; lack of respect for the masses, work without principles, they enforced the policy breach of privilege, engage in "shrink aliasing," local policies, damage the interests of the masses;; the lack of sense of responsibility, avoid everything to hide things timid, occupied the position of secretary, shape useless work method; rough simple, engage in coercion, resort to deceit, and abuse of power, lawlessness and other issues. The school to highlight the occupation belief to solve read shake, the spirit of dedication is not enough, the lack of a noble. Desalination, realm, the status of the student body, the spirit of unremitting slack, satisfied with the existing level and achievement; school administrative management, value orientation of utilitarianism, than the performance to be better than the treatment, than fame, accepted by the parents a gift, education and teaching quality is not high, the reform of teaching and research ability is not strong; school behavior is not standardized, weight should try, light quality, disorderly enrollment, charges fees, arbitrary subscription supplementary information, not before class preparation, classroom lecture class disorderly mess, makeup, do not read homework, "" day "phenomenon. The problems in medical and health institutions to solve the outstanding health ethics is not high Yifeng is, dedication is not enough, The lack of a sense of responsibility, minor illnesses Dazhi, prescription; service, cumbersome procedures, registration fees, and the time of taking the medicine, long treatment time is short, efficiency is not high; treat patients face cold tone, gas blunt, arrogant, buck passing skin, the doctor-patient relationship is not harmonious; professional ability is not strong, service quality is not high, climbing competition prevailed; the spirit of low-spirited vibration, lax discipline, and post their income by kickbacks and envelopes, patients receiving home family banquets and other issues. The non-public economic group organization to resolve outstanding overall concept, social responsibility is not strong, law-abiding integrity consciousness about the production and operation, and service quality is not high; reform Development and upgrading of the reform is not active, internal management institutions are not scientific, major issues in decision-making democracy is not high degree of democracy, disregard of the interests of workers, job consumption is not standardized and other issues.Authorities at all levels and their subordinate units and grassroots organizations should focus on solving it organization slack, slack discipline problems. To deepen and expand the effectiveness of the storm action as an important content of various organs to carry out educational practice activities, continue to play well to improve the style of work, the transformation of government functions, optimizing the administrative environment, standardize administrative law enforcement act, the implementation of major responsibility "55 big battle" to further improve the service quality and administrative efficiency, establish a good image of good.(two) focus on solving the problem of the vital interests of the massesAdhere to the people convenience, in trying to force, according to the principle of cutting to protect and improve people's livelihood work, perfecting the social security system, and strive to improve the level of basic public service equalization etc., so that the people share more to enjoy the fruits of reform and development. The group to meet the needs of the masses, increase investment, product positive measures to do a number of large audience, benefit benefit deep practical good, strive to solve the masses of medical school, medical treatment, road, housing, employment and other aspects. On the surface, safeguard the interests of the masses, improve the implementation of the constraint system, and improve the cost of illegal, increase accountability accountability force Degree, efforts to solve the ecological environment, food and drug safety, production safety, social security, law enforcement and judicial law, land acquisition and other aspects of public interests. The damage to people around the urban and rural integration, and accelerate the pace of construction of small towns, counties and small towns to improve the road, water, electricity, heating, gas, housing etc. infrastructure, continue to do a good job of urban management, focusing on remediation litter, chaotic pendulum stalls, the vehicle vehicle parked. Around the help do poverty alleviation, push the "double" action "and" 1236 "anti poverty crucial action, with Gai Shanji and infrastructure to increase the income of the farmers as the focus, vigorously implement the whole force village and easily Poverty alleviation moving relocation project, cultivation of fruit, potatoes, livestock, vegetables, and other special industries, grasp the dynamic training of rural social assistance work in labour, and efforts to solve the problem of production and life of the poor vulnerable groups. Around the body construction of harmonious society, strengthen the communication with the masses sincerely, smooth mass appeal channels expression channels, do conflict investigation and the product to resolve the backlog work, maintain social stability, enhance the sense of security, improve the satisfaction degree, let the masses feel the social fairness and justice.(three) efforts to solve the problem of contact service masses "last mile"In order to strengthen the construction of service-oriented grassroots party organization as the starting point, focus on grasping the party building, to maintain stability, promote development, to further promote the vanguard of Hui Hui's people's livelihood, actions, and lay a solid foundation of innovation. The service of the masses organization party organization set up, take the mining village enterprises, the construction of "" multinational joint building "," regional construction "industry chain branch etc., continuous optimization of grassroots party organizations, Party organizations and expand the coverage of work covered. Grasp grasp leader team construction, conscientiously implement the provincial Party committee" on the further strengthening of the village Party Secretary team building meeting >, optimal selection with strong village leaders, and strengthen college-graduate village official (Village The Ministry of Education) and tracking management, focus on building a strong sense of service, service ability and strong team, grass-roots party organization Secretary style of service good. Do the development of Party member, strict entrance fall off ", implement the three class, public commitment, democratic appraisal education management system and give full play to vanguard role. As the service of the masses into the rich carrier, to further expand the" red flag terrace Kingdom party brand connotation, establish and perfect the whole villages and towns, streets and villages, community public service outlets, the implementation of the party organization and party commitment Jiannuo, twinning, window units and service industries such as instant evaluation price System, the full implementation of the "line of work", "public pipeline engineering", "five vanguard", the "party shifangang" star rating, a rating of the party, grassroots organizations to enhance service function and improve the service level. Security guarantee system, to establish a stable base group and basic public organization operation. Service fee funds safeguard mechanism, strengthen the village collective economic accumulation, promote human, money, material, further implement love and tilt to the grassroots, grassroots cadres policy, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the service of the masses, to ensure that all work, rich work, a chapter everything.Three, step by stepThe education practice is not phased, not to engage in the transfer section. To adhere to the problem oriented, adhere to educational practice and science, insist on learning while the investigation and reform, with the "five question five check 33 assessment" as the carrier, the education, the implementation of the rectification, the entire chapter formed, the masses comments throughout. The aspects of education practice activities work effectively with each other through.(a) learning education, listen to opinions1, deep into the thought of launch. The township units in the province to thoroughly understand the central and municipal spirit, God, listen to opinions based on, combined with the actual development of the implementation plan, and timely mobilization, unified thought, improve knowledge, carefully arranged to start the single unit of educational practice implementation case should be reported. The steering group audit checks. Together with the organization held a mobilization meeting, Party members and cadres do, subordinate units responsible person, invite some two members on behalf of a service object, and representatives of the masses, to guide the leadership style and team member status into comments.2,of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in Mulberry Grove, remains nowhere. Shen Wenchao, shengze town and Communist Party members. Intelligence efforts of the County Government, were buried alive at the age of 26 years old. Yu Ren Qian, jiaxing xincheng, and CommunistOpinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve

相关关键词： 河南省高中阶段教育